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Knapp, Michael S. University of WashingtonE-Mail authorMICHAEL KNAPP, Ph.D., is a professor of educational leadership and policy studies and director of the Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy in the College of Education at the University of Washington engages in teaching and research focused on educational policymaking, school reform, leadership development, and policy research methods, with emphasis on how policy and leadership connect to classroom and school improvement. His studies have often concentrated on the education of disenfranchised populations, mathematics and science education, and the professional development of educators. Dr. Knapp has written extensively about his research, including eight books, among them, School Districts and Instructional Renewal (2002), Investigating the Influence of Standards (2002), Self-Reflective Renewal in Schools (2003), and Leading Learning in Schools and Districts (2006). Chrysan Gallucci , Michael S. Knapp, Anneke Markholt & Suzanne Ort - 2007 In this paper, the authors analyze the convergence of two apparently opposite theories of action regarding urban educational reform. The first theory, emphasizing small schools of choice, promotes close relationships between students and adults in distinctive school programs. The second, a district-guided instructional improvement reform, seeks to standardize instruction through demanding curriculum, standard-bearing work, and investment in professional learning. The study adds to existing research on the role of the school district in shaping and bringing to scale instructional improvement in urban schools. Michael S. Knapp, Michael A. Copland & Juli Ann Swinnerton - 2007 Educational leaders have always had “data” of some kind available to them when making decisions. Gathering whatever information they could readily access, and drawing on accumulated experience, intuition, and political acumen, leaders have pursued what they viewed as the wisest courses of action. However, in many cases, the data drawn into the decision-making process was unsystematically gathered, incomplete, or insufficiently nuanced to carry the weight of important decisions.
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